Intelligence

Artificial and natural intelligence: the difference

What is real intelligence? Paradoxically, the success of artificial intelligence helps us to identify essential conditions of real intelligence. If we accept that artificial intelligence has its limits and, in comparison with real intelligence, reveals clearly discernible flaws – which is precisely what we recognised and described in previous blog posts – then these descriptions do not only show what artificial intelligence lacks, but also where real intelligence is ahead of artificial intelligence. Thus we learn something crucial about natural intelligence. What have we recognised? What are the essential differences? In my view, there are two properties which distinguish real

By Hans Rudolf Straub|2025-12-03T15:04:09+00:0017. September 2020|Categories: Artificial Intelligence|Tags: Artificial Intelligence, chess, Intelligence, natural intelligence|0 Comments

Now where in artificial intelligence is the intelligence located?

In a nutshell: the intelligence is always located outside. a) Rule-based systems The rules and algorithms of these systems are created by human beings, and no one will ascribe real intelligence to a pocket calculator. The same also applies to all other rule-based systems, however refined they may be. The rules are devised by human beings. b) Conventional corpus-based systems (neural networks) These systems always use an assessed corpus, i.e. a collection of data which have already been evaluated (details). This assessment decides according to what criteria each individual corpus entry is classified, and this classification then constitutes the real

By Hans Rudolf Straub|2025-12-03T15:04:38+00:0017. September 2020|Categories: Artificial Intelligence|Tags: Artificial Intelligence, chess, closed system, corpus-based, Intelligence, search engine|0 Comments

Games and Intelligence (2): Deep Learning

Go and chess The Asian game of Go shares many similarities with chess while being simpler and more sophisticated at the same time. The same as in chess: – Board game → clearly defined playing field – Two players (more would immediately increase complexity) – Unequivocally defined possibilities of playing the stones (clear rules) – The players place stones alternately (clear timeline). – No hidden information (as, for instance, in cards) – Clear objective (the player who has surrounded the larger territory wins) Simpler in Go: – Only one type of piece: the stone (unlike in chess: king, queen, etc.)

By Hans Rudolf Straub|2025-11-12T11:00:04+00:008. May 2020|Categories: Artificial Intelligence|Tags: Artificial Intelligence, chess, corpus-based, Intelligence, neural network|0 Comments

Overview of the AI systems

All the systems we have examined so far, including deep learning, can in essence be traced back to two methods: the rule-based method and the corpus-based method. This also applies to the systems we have not discussed to date, namely simple automata and hybrid systems, which combine the two above approaches. If we integrate these variants, we will arrive at the following overview: A: Rule-based systems Rule-based systems are based on calculation rules. These rules are invariably IF-THEN commands, i.e. instructions which assign a certain result to a certain input. These systems are always deterministic, i.e. a certain input always

By Hans Rudolf Straub|2025-11-12T10:58:42+00:005. May 2020|Categories: Artificial Intelligence|Tags: Artificial Intelligence, corpus-based, Intelligence, neural network, rule-based, search engine|0 Comments

How real is the probable?

AI can only see whatever is in the corpus Corpus-based systems are on the road to success. They are “disruptive”, i.e. they change our society substantially within a very short period of time – reason enough for us to recall how these systems really work. In previous blog posts I explained that these systems consist of two parts, namely a data corpus and a neural network. Of course, the network is unable to recognise anything that is not already in the corpus. The blindness of the corpus automatically continues in the neural network, and the AI is ultimately only able

By Hans Rudolf Straub|2025-11-12T11:01:45+00:0022. April 2020|Categories: Artificial Intelligence|Tags: Artificial Intelligence, corpus-based, entropy, Intelligence, neural network, probability, search engine|0 Comments

Rule-based AI: Where is the intelligence situated

Two AI variants: rule-based and corpus-based The two AI variants mentioned in previous blog posts are still topical today, and they have registered some remarkable successes. The two differ from each other not least in where precisely their intelligence is situated. Let’s first have a look at the rule-based system. Structure of a rule-based system In the Semfinder company, we used a rule-based system. I drew the following sketch of it in 1999: Green: data Yellow: software Light blue: knowledge ware Dark blue: knowledge engineer The sketch consists of two rectangles, which represent different locations. The rectangle bottom left shows